La première impression pour moi du site « the valley of the shadow » n’est pas très bien parce que le page d’accueil est banal et les dessins des trois périods sont comme la carapace de trotue mais après j’avait cliqué les liens, je dois admettre que j’ai été étonné par ce site. Il montre un bon model pour le site d’histoire et comment à établir un archive de donnés élèctronique d’historie.
Tous les choses pour les deux comtés sont dividés par les trois périodes : avant la guerre, dedans la guerre et après la guerre. Il y a beaucoup des archives qui sont rangé par le type : le journal, le journal intime, le lettre, le recensement de la population, le statistique des beaucoup choses, le carte(les versions traditionnelles et élèctroniques), la photo, l’image, etc. On peut l’utiliser par entrer les liens différents et aussi peut rechercher l’information généralement. Ce site est riche en ressources originaux et facile pour les chercheurs à trouver les ressources qu’ils veulent. Il contient les qualités de l’archives traditionnelle et le site élèctronique. Et tous les choses sont libes. On peut utiliser les donnés si on a l’internet.
The Eve of War
1860 statistics:
Augusta County, Franklin County, comparison(different statistics)
Church records:
Church records of both 2 counties (Church records tell us about the spiritual life of a community, its connections and dissonances. Many churches kept careful records of their members, making notes of their marriages, births, baptisms, and deaths. Some churches detailed excommunications and other extraordinary events in the lives of their parishioners. Other churches did not keep records of parishioners. Some churches did not own a dedicated building but instead gathered when an itinerant preacher came into their area. In 1995-1996 the Valley project staff searched the churches of Franklin and Augusta counties for record books, often finding them with the help of the clergy. The staff then meticulously transcribed the record books of several churches from Augusta and Franklin Counties, converting them into searchable databases. You can search the database by name or church.)
Maps & images:
Augusta County Maps(geography, infrastructure, Agriculture, Slavery, Politics, Religion), Franklin County Maps, Augusta & Franklin Comparison Maps, Images of the Valley(Album of Virginia, Crayon’s Drawing), Search the Valley images
Letters & Diaries：
Augusta County letters & diaries, Franklin County letters & diaries, search the letters & diaries, about the letters & diaries (letters & diaries of two counties organized by family
The Valley of the Shadow Letters and Diaries collection has been coded in Extensible Markup Language (XML), making them completely searchable. You may search the letters or the diaries by keyword, date, or subject. This capability was made possible through collaboration with the Electronic Text Center at the University of Virginia.
Reference Center:
Explore the Valley Timelines(The Valley of the Shadow timelines have been compiled out of the Valley newspapers and allow you to compare events and developments within each county throughout the Civil War era. Broken down by year, each timeline compares events in Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania, as well as developments in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and on the national scene. Some of the county events have been linked back to the full newspaper accounts, and the original articles on each county event may be found in the Valley newspapers. For brevity, abbreviations were used whenever possible, particularly when events referenced states or military ranks. When searching for articles in the Valley newspapers, remember that events were often reported many days, and sometimes weeks, after they occurred.), Search the Valley Databases(Daily Life Database, Census Databases, Wartime Database, Postwar Database), Valley Project Bibliography(great number)
Newspapers:
Census & Tax Records：
Search the census(Every ten years, the United States government performs a census of the country. During 1860 and 1870 information for the census was gathered by census takers who visited every house in their district. They asked each head of every household a series of questions about everyone who lived there such as their age, race, wealth, occupation, literacy, physical condition, and birthplace. We have transcribed the 1860 and 1870 U.S. Census for Augusta County, VA and Franklin County, PA. In addition to the better-known population census we also have transcribed the Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Slaveowner Census. Augusta County in the late 1850s was very much a slave society. So important was slavery that the census takers maintained a separate book to list all the slaveowners and their property. Chillingly enough, the census takers were not interested in the names of individual slaves but only in their age, sex, and skin shade. The slaveowner census records show that a large number of slaves in Staunton were hired out by people other than their owners.), Search the tax records(This page allows you to search the 1860 Augusta or Franklin County Tax Records Census for Staunton, Virginia or Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, respectively. This page allows users to search on a number of the fields found in the agricultural census, such as name, occupation, and various tax amounts), Search the free black registry(In a slave society, white people kept a close eye on free black people, who had to register with the county government. Those records of free blacks in Augusta and Staunton have been transcribed by Katherine Bushman and made available for this archive. These sources are searchable using the "Find" function on your browser.)
Site Map(a shortcut to know how to use this site and you can use the links directly)
The War Years
Search the civil war images database：
The image database contains over seven hundred photographs and magazine illustrations from the Civil War. You can use this search page to find photographs of soldiers from Augusta and Franklin Counties, scenes from battles that Augusta and Franklin units fought in, or magazine illustrations of homefront or camp life. The database also contains a large collection of photographs and magazine illustrations of African American soldiers and civilians during the Civil War years.
Official Records：
Augusta County units: official records(The Valley Project has extracted all of the reports and correspondence from the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, which relate to the soldiers and units which came from Augusta County, Virginia. This collection, including records about Franklin County soldiers and units, contains approximately 1500 records. These records are indexed and may be browsed by date or by the author of the record. Additionally, the text of these records may be searched.), Franklin County units: official records(The Valley Project has extracted all of the reports and correspondence from the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, which relate to the soldiers and units which came from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. This collection, including records about Augusta County soldiers and units, contains approximately 1500 records. These records are indexed and may be browsed by date or by the author of the record. Additionally, the text of these records may be searched.), Search the official records, About the official records(The communities in Augusta and Franklin Counties sent men into over 40 different military units, U.S. and Confederate. After the war, the United States collated the battlefield reports, dispatches, and other documents that related to the war and published them under the title Offical Records of the War of the Rebellion. As these records indicate, the experiences of Augusta and Franklin Units who served in the war ranged widely. The Valley Project has extracted all of the reports and correspondence from the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, which relate to our two communities and their regiments of soldiers. We have used the Broadfoot Publishing Co. CD-ROM version of the Army Official Records as our source. We have found the Broadfoot edition to the be the best CD-ROM edition of the Official Records and thank the Broadfoot Publishing Co. for permission to reprint the limited selections here. This collection contains approximately 1500 records. These records are indexed by date and by the author of the record, and may be examined by county. Additionally, the text of these records may be searched.)
Battle Maps:
Animated theater battle map
About the animated theater battle map(The animated map shows the theater-level movements of units from Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Each major battle they fought in is linked to a fact sheet which provides detailed information on that unit's experience there. We have maps for the following units from Augusta County: 5th Virginia Infantry, 1st Virginia Cavalry, 14th Virginia Cavalry, Staunton Artillery; and Franklin County: 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 126th Pennsylvania, and 107th Pennsylvania.)
Search the Record of events database(This database offers detailed information about the movements of regiments from Franklin and Augusta counties. From this search page you may access information about specific battles, including the start and end dates, numbers killed and wounded, and weather conditions. To visualize a regiment's movement from battle to battle, go to the animated theater maps of Franklin and Augusta units.)
Letters & Diaries：
Augusta County letters & diaries, Franklin County letters & diaries, search the letters & diaries, about the letters & diaries(letters & diaries of two counties organized by family)
Reference Center:
Explore the Valley Timelines, Search the Valley Databases(Daily Life Database, Census Databases, Wartime Database, Postwar Database), Valley Project Bibliography(great number)
Newspapers:
Browse the newspapaers by Date, News Articles Indexed by Topic, Search the newspapaers, About the newspapers
Soldiers’ Records:
Search the soldiers’ records(The soldiers' records in the database are those ONLY of Augusta and Franklin soldiers. This database does not include every man in the regiment or company, but only those from Augusta or Franklin. Queries of regimental or company statistics should not be treated as complete, but only representative of what happened to the men from Augusta and Franklin.), About the soldiers’ records(When the first shots rang out over Fort Sumter in April 1861, many Southern and Northern men already identified themselves with a local militia unit. For years before the opening barrage, they had drilled in small companies and gathered afterward in social camraderie. In Augusta County these militia units served an additional purpose--protecting the white citizenry against a slave rebellion. They were called to action in the crisis following John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, an event that brought these volunteers together in a way that drills could not. In Franklin County the militia had not yet seen active duty, but their regular marching and drill in the years preceeding the war brought considerable local attention. Local newspapers reported regularly on the militia's parades and drills, and the fairs hosted by their "ladies' auxiliaries." These events helped boost the communities' allegiances and pride. The companies took local names that reinforced their community ties, such as the West Augusta Guards, the Churchville Cavalry, the Chambers Artillery, and the Chambersburg Light Dragoons. For the volunteers, these companies were as much social and civic organizations as they were military units. When the war began in 1861, these militia companies were called into active service. They paraded through the towns, enlisted en masse, and prepared themselves to do their duty. These companies formed the nucleus of the first regiments raised in Augusta and Franklin. During the war the regiment became the most important unit to the men who fought, and consequently, to the generals who commanded. Most regiments developed a special identity, built around common geographic, family, and personal ties. Brothers, cousins, and neighbors joined the same unit to fight together. In the war the regiment's battle service also provided a source of pride and identity. The regiments carried their colors to identify not just their place on the field of battle but who they were and where they'd fought together. The armies' commanders knew that this identity was a powerful motivator on the field of battle and used it to great effect from the start of fighting at Bull Run where General Thomas J. Jackson relied on regimental identity to convince his troops to stand like a stone wall. Military service records were kept by the United States and Confederate States on each soldier during the war. The Valley Project has amassed all the service records from the National Archives that we could find concerning men from Augusta and Franklin counties. These records contain a wealth of information on the individual Augusta and Franklin men who fought in the war. You can seach by name, enlistment date or age, regiment, or many other fields. These records often contain detailed notes about service, wounds sustained, and desertion. Keep in mind as you search that the fields for last name, first name, and place names ARE case-sensitive, and but that the field for occupation is not. Also, if you are unsure of the spelling of a last name, enter the first few letters and browse the results. For example, if you were looking for a fellow named Rennecker but were unsure of the spelling, a search for "Ren" turns up multiple records.)
The Aftermath
1870 Statistics:
Augusta and Franklin:1870 Statistics(General population breakdowns, 1870; Agriculture in the counties, 1870; Churches: denominations and property, 1879; Education and Literacy rates, 1870; Manufacturing in the counties,1870; Property values, taxation, and public debt, 1870), Compare the 1860 statistics.
Freedman’s Bureau:
Browse the bureau records by date(administration of different officers), browse the bureau records by topic(race relations, violence, family, education, monthly reports, employment/labor, mediation, legal system, public welfare, politics, loyalty, church, Franklin County, administration/bureaucracy, Turkey Case, miscellaneous), Read the register of complaints(personal complaints), Search the cohabitation records, search the bureau letters, about the bureau in Augusta County.
About the Bureau-The Bureau of Freedmen, Refugees, and Abandoned Lands, commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau, was created by an act of Congress on March 3, 1865, just a few weeks before Abraham Lincoln's assassination. The Bureau was initially chartered to operate for just one year, but continued until 1868 under the care of commissioner General Oliver O. Howard, who was aided by assistant commissioners in every Southern state and by hundreds of local agents. As its full name suggests, the Bureau's work combined care for millions of newly freed slaves and the administration of Southern lands seized by Union forces during the war. The Bureau was authorized to distribute much-needed food, fuel, clothing, and medical supplies to the freedmen; to regulate labor and contracts; to aid in the founding of schools and churches; to ensure justice in all legal cases involving freedmen; and, perhaps most promisingly for freedmen in 1865, to distribute abandoned and confiscated Confederate lands among former slaves for rental and eventual sale. At the local level, the Bureau was usually bitterly opposed by white Southerners and firmly supported by African-Americans. Its work was hindered by local opposition, inadequate funding from the federal government, and the politics of Reconstruction on the national stage. The restoration of confiscated property to white Southerners under Andrew Johnson in 1866 required the displacement of tens of thousands of freedmen, undermined the work of the Bureau by eliminating its primary source of funding, and doomed the Bureau's initial policy of promoting black landownership. W. Storer How arrived in Staunton, Augusta County, Virginia, in July 1865 to open his headquarters for the Freedmen's Bureau in the Shenandoah Valley. The office operated continuously until the closing of the Bureau in December 1868, tending to the needs of freedmen in Augusta and Highland Counties. Initially, Staunton was the location of How's headquarters for the Sixth District, which comprised most of the counties of the central and northern Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. How, though, found Staunton inconvenient and moved his headquarters to Winchester in October 1865. Nevertheless, an agent (or Assistant Superintendent--later named Assistant Sub Assistant Commissioner) always remained in Staunton, answering to his Superintendent in the District Headquarters. Five men served as Bureau Agents for Augusta County. Frederick Tukey, a civilian, served twice from August 1865 to May 1866, and again from January to April 1867. Lt. George T. Cook then served as the local agent from June to December 1866. Thomas P. Jackson, a civilian originally from England, enjoyed the longest administration, serving from April 1867 to March 1868. Jackson was replaced by Colonel John W. Jordan, the former Sub Assistant Commissioner in Farmville, Virginia, who served only a few months in Staunton, from March to September 1868. The last man to serve as an agent in Staunton was Roswell Waldo, another civilian who served from September to December 1868 Little is known about the personal lives of these men who served in Augusta County, but through the records left in the Bureau's files they all showed a dedication to improving the economic condition and social status of the newly freed African-American population of Augusta County Virginia, no matter how they came to Bureau service. The Freedmen's Bureau in Augusta County faced the same problems as other offices across the South. Its most pressing concerns included serving as an advocate for the African-American population of the county in matters of employment, contract settlement, legal issues, education, and poor relief. In matters of employment, agents strove to ensure that contracts between freedmen and their former masters were fair and executed properly. Lack of legal justice proved to a significant problem in post-bellum Augusta County for former slaves, and often the Staunton agents found themselves embroiled in the local court system on behalf of the freedmen. The Bureau also tried to serve as a mediator between the black and white communities of the area in an effort to diffuse tempers and tensions that often arose. Knowing that an education would be the most important part of ensuring the freedmen's futures, Bureau agents spent much of their time setting up and supporting local schools. Finally, the local agents worked tirelessly to reunite freedmen's families torn apart during slavery, locating family members who had been sold away years before. Throughout its short life, the work of the Staunton office was hindered by its limited budget, the staggering administrative burden shouldered by its agents, and the antagonism of local whites. Both the local agents and the freedmen fought through resentment and hardship to try and build a life for African-Americans in an Augusta County without slavery.
About the Register of Complaints-The two bound volumes that made up the "Register of Complaints" for the Augusta County Freedmen's Bureau is an invaluable resource that records some of the rich detail of the lives of newly freed blacks in the first years after the Civil War. The Assistant Superintendents of the Bureau used the Register (which they referred to as the Complaint Book) to record the complaints and concerns that freedmen and whites brought to the office, and often the subsequent actions taken. Unfortunately the two volumes are water-stained, making it difficult to decipher many words and phrases, but every effort has been made to make as complete a transcription as possible. The majority of complaints concerned employment contracts and wages, as well as other financial transactions. Typical complaints involved either the employer's failure to pay the agreed upon wage, or the employee's failure to fulfill his or her side of the contract. Such cases contain a wealth of information about wage levels for men and women, and other forms of compensation such as clothing, food and shelter. Bureau agents helped to mediate these conflicts through the settlement of a monetary claim or the re-negotiation of the terms of labor. The register also contains entries related to property rental rates and terms, a source which casts light on the movements of freedmen in and around the county as they tried to settle down with their families and built stable lives. Another issue that frequently surfaces in the register is that of crime. Bureau agents often served as legal advisors and representatives to freedmen, and the register records many of the details of crimes committed against, and by, freedmen. Such crimes range from accusations of petty theft and larceny to disorderly conduct, to serious violence. Agents usually evaluated the merits of a complaint before passing it on to the proper authorities, and their conclusions are sometimes preserved in the register. The cases preserved in the register seem to demonstrate that crime crossed racial boundaries just as often as it occurred within the black community. The register is also an excellent source for investigating family life and personal relationships among freedmen. Assistant Superintendents took down requests to search for missing family members sold out of Augusta County before or during the war, and once found, the efforts to bring them home. The Register of Complaints contains many entries related to the formalization of familial relationships, and some of the conflicts related to marriage--such as spousal violence and infidelity. Aside from the three areas of employment, crime, and family, the register also touches on many other aspects of post-bellum life in Augusta County. These include efforts to relieve the poverty of the sick and elderly and to supply newly-created freedmen's schools, claims filed with the Federal government, and occasionally the administrative minutiae of the Bureau office.
About the Cohabitation Records-The Cohabitation Records, offically titled, "Register of Colored Persons, Augusta County, State of Virginia, Cohabiting Together as Husband and Wife," are a record of free African American families living in Augusta County immediately after the end of the Civil War. The records were created by the Freedmen's Bureau in an effort to document the marriages of formerly enslaved men and women that were legally recognized by an act of the Virginia Assembly in February 1866. There are 896 couples listed in the register, paired with lists of the children (and their ages) the couple had together. The most important record in the register was that of a marriage between two freedpeople, who had often entered into marriage during slavery and therefore had lacked the legal recognition and protection of the state. The register also lists when the couple reported their marriage to the Freedmen's Bureau for inclusion in the register, their ages at the time of registration, bithplace of both husband and wife, their current residence, and the occupation of the husband. Additional comments were occasionally added by the Bureau agents who recorded the couple's information. The Freedmen's Bureau agents in Augusta County registered these marriages from May 1865 until September 1866. These records were apparently copied and forwarded to state officials, while the original was kept on file at the Augusta County courthouse, where it remains today.
Maps & Images:
Augusta County maps, Franklin County maps, Augusta & Franklin comparison maps, images of the valley, search the valley images.
Letters & Diaries:
Augusta County letters & diaries, Franklin County letters & diaries, search the letters & diaries, about the letters & diaries
Reference Center:
Explore the Valley Timelines, Search the Valley Databases(Daily Life Database, Census Databases, Wartime Database, Postwar Database), Valley Project Bibliography(great number)
Newspapers:
Browse the newspapaers by Date, News Articles Indexed by Topic, Search the newspapaers, About the newspapers
Census & Veteran Records:
Search the 1860 & 1870 censuses, Southern claims commission papers(After the end of the war, the United States allowed Southerners who had remained loyal to the Union to petition to be reimbursed for losses they had sustained during the war while supporting the Union. From 1871 to 1879, 137 people from Augusta County, VA, submitted applications for reimbursement, most of which were denied. This section contains all the surviving petitions and files, in which people from Augusta argued over what had constituted loyalty during the Civil War.), Search the Chambersburg claims(After the war Pennsylvania established a claims commission to review petitions for reimbursement for damages sustained during the war by communities along the border. A great majority of the claims came from Franklin County, largely because of the burning of Chamberburg. This database is a searchable set of the 594 Chambersburg claims), Search the 1890 veterans’ census(The 1890 U.S. Veterans Census Database allows users to search for information about veterans and widows from Augusta County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania, who were living in the two counties in 1890. Users may search by name, residence, rank during the war, regiment, and other criteron. Please note that the 1890 U.S. Veterans Census Database only includes veterans and widows who were living in the Augusta County or Franklin County in 1890. It is therefore not a complete list of all Augusta or Franklin County men who served in the war.)
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